Financial Accounting - 8263 Words

1. Accounting is an information and measurement system that: A. Identifies business activities. B. Records business activities. C. Communicates business activities. D. Helps people make better decisions. E. All of these. 2. Technology A. Has replaced accounting. B. Has not changed the work that accountants do. C. Has closely linked accounting with consulting, planning, and other financial services. D. In accounting has replaced the need for decision makers. E. In accounting is only available to large corporations. 3. The primary objective of financial accounting is: A. To serve the decision-making needs of internal users. B. To provide financial statements to help external users analyze an organization s†¦show more content†¦E. All of these. 19. The accounting assumption that requires every business to be accounted for separately from other business entities, including its owner or owners is known as the: A. Objectivity principle. B. Business entity assumption. C. Going-concern assumption. D. Revenue recognition principle. E. Cost principle. 20. The rule that requires financial statements to reflect the assumption that the business will continue operating instead of being closed or sold, unless evidence shows that it will not continue, is the: A. Going-concern principle. B. Business entity principle. C. Objectivity principle. D. Cost Principle. E. Monetary unit principle. 21. Rules adopted by the accounting profession as guides in measuring, recording, and reporting the financial condition and activities of a business: A. Are comprised of both general and specific principles. B. Are known as generally accepted accounting principles. C. Are abbreviated as GAAP. D. Arise from both long-used practices and from rulings of authoritative groups. E. All of these. 22. If a parcel of land that was originally acquired for $85,000 is offered for sale at $150,000, is assessed for tax purposes at $95,000, is recognized by its purchasers as easily being worth $140,000, and is sold for $137,000, the land should be recorded in the purchaser s books at: A. $95,000. B. $137,000. C. $138,500. D. $140,000. E. $150,000. 23. To include the personal assets and transactionsShow MoreRelatedFinancial Accounting And Managerial Accounting1613 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Both financial accounting and managerial accounting provide important information about the business process. On the one hand, financial accounting provides only financial information to its internal users and external users. On the other hand, managerial accounting basically communicates about financial and non-financial information with internal users such as managers, employees and owners of the company. In other words, managerial accounting provides information to managers who directRead MoreThe Financial Accounting Standards Board1346 Words   |  6 PagesEarnings per share is introduced by the Financial Accounting Standards Board as the functionality used to calculate an institutions’ earnings for the year-end financial statements. The institutions can be made of up a simple or complex capital structure. I t must be calculated on a constant basis in order for reports to remain consistent. FASB provides a formula of â€Å"dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period† (FASBRead MoreAccounting Analysis On Financial Accounting1185 Words   |  5 PagesAccounting has many branches that it can be divided into. It can be divided into several areas of activities. 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Generally accepted accounting principles c. derive their credibility and authority from general recognition and acceptance by the accounting profession. 22. A soundly developed conceptual framework of concepts and objectives should d. all of these. 23. Which of the following (a-c) are not true concerning a conceptual framework in account-ing? c. It should be based on fundamental truths that are derived from the laws of nature. S24. Which of the following is not a benefit associated

Othello and the Force of Love Essay - 3011 Words

Othello and the Force of Love The William Shakespeare tragedy Othello features various types of love, but none compare to the love we find between the protagonist and his wife. In this essay let us examine â€Å"love† as found in the play. In her book, Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies, Maynard Mack comments on the love that exists between the hero and heroine: Magical in my view, though I know how far opinions differ on this point, as a way of asking us to recognize that the love these lovers share before Iago’s corruption sets in does indeed have magic in its web, contains a â€Å"work† (3.3.296) that a relationship like Cassio’s and Bianca’s can never match or â€Å"take out,† commands a†¦show more content†¦Roderigo construes Iago’s love for him as based on the ancient’s hatred for the Moor. Thus the wealthy suitor says accusingly, â€Å"Thou toldst me thou didst hold him in thy hate.† And Iago responds, â€Å"Despise me, if I do not.† Partly out of hatred for the general and partly out of proving his faithfulness to Roderigo’s cause, Iago asserts in detail the reasons for his hatred of Othello, who has given the lieutenancy to Michael Cassio, a Florentine. Secondly, Iago suggests that Roderigo and he awake and disturb Brabantio, the father of Desdemona: Call up her father, Rouse him: make after him, poison his delight, Proclaim him in the streets; incense her kinsmen, And, though he in a fertile climate dwell, Plague him with flies: though that his joy be joy, Yet throw such changes of vexation ont, As it may lose some colour. (1.1) Thus a hue and cry is raised in front of the senator’s residence – partly for the sake of Iago proving his love for Roderigo so that the financial rewards will continue coming to the soldier. Once the senator has been awakened, Iago makes a series of loud, crude, bawdy allegations against both the general and Desdemona. Strangely, the senator is not incensed by these, but rather by the fact that his daughter has indeed run away from home so that the father mustShow MoreRelatedDesdemona and Othello1198 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play, The Tragedy of Othello, Shakespeare really tests our conception as to what love is, and where it can or cant exist. Judging from the relationship between Desdemona and Othello, through Nicholson’s Othello And The Geography Of Persuasion. the play seems to say that marriage based on an innocent romantic love or profane love is bound to fail. Shakespeare is pessimistic about the existence and survival of a true type of love. There is a common thread of betrayal and deceit amongRead MoreOthello Character Analysis1241 Words   |  5 PagesOthello, a play written in the setting of Venice City during a period of war between Venice and Turkey in the 16 century is one of the numerous William Shakespeare’s plays. Othello a middle-aged black moor who is also a general in the defense forces marries Desdemona, a white aristocratic lady against the wishes of her father. Their love, however, does not have the happily ever after ending due to the manipulations, deceptions, and scheming of Iago who is driven by revenge and selfish ambitions.Read MoreEssay on Jealousy in Shakespeares Othello649 Words   |  3 PagesJealousy in Othello The tragedy of Othello is the story of jealousy. It is Othellos public insecurity that makes him jealous of Cassio and allows him to believe that Cassio has slept with Desdemona. Also, it is Iagos jealousy of Othello that drives him to destroy both Othello and Desdemona. What is fascinating about Shakespeares Othello is the way in which jealousy between the major characters is sexualized. Perhaps what makes Othello so disturbing is how quickly this sexualized jealousyRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Othello1235 Words   |  5 PagesOthello is not just about one tragedy but several tragedies of suffering and injustice. The play ends in fatalities and heartbreak from the consequences of jealousy and racism. Othello is a well-respected military man who does not let race stand in the way of earning his reputable status and attention of beautiful Desdemona. But, when the seed of jealous is planted, Othello becomes easily manipulated into believing false accusations because of his own perso nal insecurities. He becomes a menace toRead More The Theme of Control in Shakespeares Othello Essay996 Words   |  4 Pages The Theme of Control in Othellonbsp;nbsp; nbsp; Throughout history, powerful empires with boundless control have had a tendency to fall victim to corruption. It is common knowledge, among political scientists and historians, that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. William Shakespeares Othello, the Moor of Venice (reprinted in Laurence Perrine and Thomas R. Arp, Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense, 6th ed. [Fort Worth: Harcourt, 1993] 1060-1147) contains severalRead MoreEssay on Betrayal between Othello and Desdemonda879 Words   |  4 Pages In the play, The Tragedy of Othello, judging from the relationship between Desdemona and Othello, seems to say that marriage based on an innocent romantic love is bound to fail. There is a common thread of betrayal and deceit among many characters. Othello and Desdemona being the most vividly portrayed. The two appear to love one another romantically at first, but it soon after transforms into a secular love. This comes to pass because there is no foundati on for a relationship. ThereRead MoreOthello and Identity1730 Words   |  7 PagesIdentity is a very key, important thematic issue in William Shakespeares tragic drama, Othello. Identity, or what may be better explained as a characters public perception, is highly valued in the Elizabethan Age in which Othello is set. There is a varying range between the characters in the extent that how they are perceived in public is not how they behave in private or how they really are, thus creating more than one identity per character. A characters identity is the overall essence ofRead MoreA Postcolonialist Analysis of the Tragedy of Othello849 Words   |  4 PagesA Postcolonialist Analysis of the Tragedy of Othello Syllabus 1. Introduction Different people have different opinions towards the tragedy of Othello. Personally, I am deeply impressed by the racial bias in this tragedy; therefore I try to analyze it from the view of postcolonialism. As you know, the tragedy of Othello has a close relation with Othello’s blackness identity. In the play, the viperous Iago makes full use of Othello’s special Moor identity, which is different from the dominantRead MoreEssay on The Relationship Between Othello and Desdemona968 Words   |  4 PagesThe Relationship Between Othello and Desdemona We first learn of there being a relationship between Othello and Desdemona when Iago and Roderigo are telling Roderigo (Desdemonas Father), that an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. This is referring to Othello and Desdemona having sexual intercourse, and shortly after hearing this, we become informed that Desdemona is Tying her duty, Beauty, Wit, and Fortunes In an extravagant and wheeling stranger. 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The Role of FDI of Economic Growth of The Host Economy Free Essays

string(140) " multinationals may deliberately evade or minimize their task liabilities by using tax planning techniques and transfer price manipulation\." ABSTRACT There has been a divergence of empirical findings with regard to the impact of FDI on the host economy. Some have identified a positive relationship between the influx of foreign capital and the growth of the host economy while others show no such effect. Spill over benefits have been identified by some studies while, on the other hand, other researchers do not discern such benefits (Nunnenkamp 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of FDI of Economic Growth of The Host Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence, researchers have for many years debated whether devoting substantial resources to attracting more of foreign capital may or may not be of significant benefits to the host economy. This paper focuses on examining the effect of influx of foreign investment on the growth of the host economy. In this paper, we examine whether, to what extent and under what conditions FDI does enhances the economic growth of the host economies. This will include an examination of the benefits accruing from FDI including employment creation, human capital development, enhancing enterprise development, increased global integration, and increased corporate tax revenues. Technology spillovers, wage effect and the impact of FDI on balance of payments will also be critically examined. Finally, policy recommendations towards maximizing on the benefits of FDI in the host country are put forth. INTRODUCTION The past two decades have seen FDI by Multinationals become the main source of funding in the developing economies. Yet evidence on the relationship between MNCs investment and the economic growth of the host economy is still far from conclusive (Fortanier, 2007). There has been a divergence of empirical findings on the effect of FDI on the host economy. Some have identified a positive relationship between the influx of foreign capital and the growth of the host economy while others show no such effect. On the one hand, Sjoholm (1997b), Xu (2000) and De Mello (1999) found a positive contribution of FDI to the host economy. Consistent with the above, Baldwin et al. (1999) noted technology spillover benefits to the local firms. OECD (1998) and Borensztein et al (1999) presented evidence of a larger impact of FDI on the host economy than investment by the local firms. On the converse, Kawai (1994), while examining the Asian and Latin American countries, found a negative association between FDI and economic growth (with exception of Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, and Peru). Consistent with this findings; Mencinger (2003) and Djankov and Hoekman (1999) noted that FDI had more negative than positive impacts to the economic growth of the Central and Eastern European Countries. The divergence of empirical findings is due in part to the methodological issues such as research design; and partly due to the host country characteristics such as institutions, openness to trade and technological development. Whether there is a positive or negative association between FDI and the growth of the host economy is a fervently debated research question. The question of whether multinationals tend to generate more of positive or negative externalities to the host economy is subject to debate. This paper thus revisits the relationship between FDI and economic growth. We focus primarily on FDI effects to the host economy. We examine the extent to which foreign investments can enhance the growth of the host economy. In doing so, we are able to determine whether devoting substantial resources to attracting more of foreign capital may or may not be of significant benefits to the host economy. Before examining the impact of FDI on the growth of the host economy, it is important first to understand what we mean by Foreign Direct Investment. FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT In this regard, foreign direct investment (FDI) can be defined as any investment abroad, and in which the foreign company retains ownership and control of the firm that is being invested in. That is, any investment from a foreign firm with the aim of acquiring a lasting management interest in the local firm that is being invested in (Brooks et al. 2003). With the above in mind, it is worth noting that FDI plays a crucial role in global business as it acts as a major catalyst to development and is certainly the main driver of economic globalization (Brooks et al. 2003). On its own, FDI accounts for nearly half of all the investments across the border. Clearly, it is an integral part to a more effective and open international economic system. The effects of FDI on productivity of the host country will be discussed in detail below. IMPACT OF FDI ON ECONOMIC GROWTH The influx of foreign investments affects the growth of the host economy through 3 key mechanisms (Fortanier, 2007): Structural effects Technology and skill effects Size effects SIZE EFFECTS This refers to the net contribution of foreign capital to the investment and savings of the host country (Fortanier, 2007). Take for example, FDI’s contribution to the host economy via increased corporate taxation. The profits that are generated from the high corporate taxation can be used in improving on the welfare of the country. Further, FDI may contribute to the economy by creating more job opportunities, developing the human capital and reducing the poverty levels, especially in the developing economies. The high corporate tax revenues collected may be used in funding poverty alleviation programs, hence reducing on the poverty levels (Bosworth Collins, 1999). There is also the benefit of increased economic integration due to cross-border flows of foreign capital which has the impact of further strengthening the relationships between countries (Fortanier, 2007). Additionally, this global mobility of capital may restrain governments from pursuing bad policies. These benefits accruing from FDI including employment creation, human capital development, increased global integration, and increased corporate tax revenues will certainly improve on the welfare of the host economy (Rodriguez and Rodrik 2001). However, this may not necessarily be true. For instance, it is not always the case that FDI may result in job creation. In fact, under certain circumstances it may result in more job losses probably due to outsourcing of expatriates and imported labour. Also, multinationals may deliberately evade or minimize their task liabilities by using tax planning techniques and transfer price manipulation. You read "The Role of FDI of Economic Growth of The Host Economy" in category "Essay examples" These multinationals may, for instance, may distort the allocation of expenses and revenues through transfer pricing policies hence giving a false reflection of the taxable profits (Eden 1998). In most circumstances, the profits are often manipulated to a value lower than the actual amount in order for under taxation to occur. Nonetheless, this net contribution of FDI affects the growth rate of the host country’s production base. Baldwin et al. (1999) has however pointed out that most of the potential benefits of FDI to the host economy results from the more indirect effects. That is, either through the structural change in markets or through the transfer of technology and skills. SKILL AND TECHNOLOGY EFFECT Technology spill-over benefits to the host economy has to do with the presence of transnational corporations (TNCs) (Baldwin et al, 1999). Generally, Transnationals/multinationals are often concentrated within the technology-intensive industries and certainly play a crucial in the transfer of skills and technology across borders (Baldwin et al, 1999). The technology brought in by TNCs/MNCs can â€Å"spill over† to the domestic firms through labour migration, demonstration effects and also through linkages with sellers and buyers (Blomstrom et al. 1999). The domestic corporations may utilize this technology towards increasing their productivity hence improving on the welfare of the host economy. It should however be noted that technology spillovers may under certain circumstances be counterproductive to the growth of the host economy. For example, the technologies brought in by TNCs may not be appropriate to the welfare of the host economy (Ikiara 2003). With regard to the technology spillovers, Pavlinek (2004) notes that most of the investments by TNCs are often profit driven. He suggests that TNCs may thus employ strategies which may not necessarily coincide or be appropriate to welfare of the host economy. For example, technology transfer may be inappropriate to the stage of development in the host country, thereby creating more â€Å"cathedrals in the desert† and very little spill-over benefits to the host economy. STRUCTURAL EFFECTS The structural effects comprise of the horizontal changes, in particular, competition; and the vertical changes, particularly the linkages with the sellers and buyers (Fortanier 2007). Investment of TNC can stimulate competition as well as improve on resource allocation, especially where the domestic competition is limited by high entry barriers (Fortanier 2007). The entry of TNCs and the opening up of new business enterprises will certainly increase the output and result in a net improvement in the welfare of the economy. There is however a downside to this effect. Given their superior technology, access to larger financial resources and the exploitation of economies of scales; TNCs may out-compete the local firms hence resulting in â€Å"crowding out† (Agosin Mayer, 2000). Crowding out may not be problematic in the economic sense. However, where there is an increase in market concentration as a result of crowding out, the risk of monopoly rents and deterioration in the allocation of resources will certainly increase (Agosin Mayer, 2000). Spillovers may also occur through linkages between the local suppliers and foreign affiliates (McIntyre et al., 1996). These linkages can improve on the local supplier’s overall output in terms of their productivity and quality; especially if paired with training (McIntyre et al., 1996). This however, may not necessarily be true as TNCs may as well source their inputs via their own production networks and this may, in the long run, have potentially negative effects on host country’s trade balance (De Mello Fukasaku, 2000). IMPACT OF FDI ON BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Despite the many benefits accruing from inward flow of FDI into the host economy, it should be noted that FDI may significantly impact on the balance of payments in the host country. Although, foreign direct investments may tend to create healthy external accounts, it should be noted that the profits generated by TNCs are usually remitted back to foreign owners (IMF 1993). Hence, while FDI may make the accounts to appear healthy, there might be a negative transfer of resources to the host economy which may then have adverse effects on the balance of payments. . WAGE EFFECT The wage effect of FDI may either be positive or negative (Gopinath Chen 2003). There certainly is a consensus amongst scholars that foreign firms do provide higher wages to the domestic labour relative to the domestic firms (Gopinath Chen 2003). Given that these firms pay higher wages, there might be â€Å"wage spillovers† whereby the higher wages paid by the foreign firms lead to increased wages in the local firms (Gopinath Chen 2003). On the negative side, however, foreign investments might result in increases in wage inequality in the host economy. Although economists largely contend that foreign firms do provide higher wages relative to the local firms, empirical evidence has identified a positive relationship between foreign investment and wage inequality (Gopinath Chen 2003). In this respect, Gopinath and Chen (2003) analyzed the impact of foreign investment on wages in a sample of 11 developing countries. They found that the influx of foreign investment increased the wage gap between skilled and unskilled labourers. Having said the above, it can be noted that although foreign investments may lead to higher wages, it may result in increases in wage inequality in the host country. Despite a few negative externalities described above, it is worth noting that FDI plays a vital role in the growth and development of the host economy. The overall effects of FDI including the size effects, structural effects and the technology and skill effect will certainly improve on the welfare of the host economy and further enhance growth. HOST COUNTRY’S POLICIES AND FDI The benefits outlined above however are dependent principally on certain factors. Chief among these are the policies, institutions and the regulatory framework of the host economy (Velde 2001). To maximize on the net benefits of FDI on the host economy, it is imperative for the government to ensure best-practice policies towards. FDI INDUSTRIAL POLICIES Industrial policies such as the ownership and administrative procedures must be aligned towards attracting more of FDI (Velde 2001). Administrative procedures may significantly affect the investment of TNCs in the host country. Take for example, Uganda and Ghana where it takes upto 2 years to have a business operational. The overly complex registration procedures are a huge impediment to the success of foreign firms in the developing economies. Common Procedural hurdles can be located with the general investment approval, expatriate work permits and the overly complex tax registration and business licensing procedures as well. Other procedural hurdles may also be located with the more specialized approvals including access to land and site development (Velde 2001). Given the above, there is an imperative need to ensure convergence of procedures towards best-practices so as to maximize on FDI benefits in the host economy. Investors, both foreign and domestic, often suffer from potential uncertainties (Safarian 1999). Foreign investors, however, usually suffer from a higher degree of uncertainty than the domestic counterparts because they are usually more disadvantaged about the host country’s information. Therefore, in many cases, foreign investors would wait until the domestic investors have tested the ground. Interventions such as offering modest grants and providing information incentives are needed so as to speed up the process of investment (Safarian 1999). MACRO-ECONOMIC POLICIES The government may signal their commitment to liberal trade by ensuring a stable economic environment and coming in aid of multinationals by developing the financial markets (Velde 2001). An important point to note is that if the financial markets of the host economy are weak there would be hesitance to channeling funds on the part of the foreign investors due to the fear of devaluation (Velde 2001). Therefore, as a trade policy instrument, there is need for the government to ensure a stable economic environment and commitment to free-trade and liberalization. The importance of convergence of policies towards attracting more FDI can be seen in China where the electronic industry has become very successful. China’s open door policy prioritizes on securing more of inward FDI in order to upgrade its domestic manufacturing capabilities. Today, Samsung, Toshiba, Siemens, NEC, Hitachi, Philips and IBM amongst others have invested heavily in China. This has led to a dramatic growth of the electronic industry in China (Fortanier 2007). The open door policy allows china attract more FDI which is then used in enhancing the domestic manufacturing capabilities. CONCLUSION From what can be discerned, FDI can affect the economic growth of the host country through the 3 mechanisms discussed above. That is technology and skill effect, size effect and structural effect as well. There is however no single FDI effect on the host economy. It all depends on the host country’s characteristics. For instance, it can be argued that FDI brings more spillover benefits to the host economy only if the minimum threshold level of human capital and the host country itself is more export oriented. Further, it can be argued that effects are more pronounced if FDI is focused on technology intensive sectors. It can therefore be concluded that FDI effects on the economy differ across host countries depending on their specific conditions. Equally important to note is that the benefits of the FDI to the host economy do no accrue automatically and that they are dependent principally certain factors such as the policies, institutions and regulatory framework. Policy recommendations for the host economy should thus focus on convergence of procedures towards best practices, if they are to maximize on the benefits of FDI. REFERENCE Agosin, M. and R. Mayer, 2000. Foreign investment in developing countries: does it crowd in domestic investmentUNCTAD Discussion Paper no 146. Baldwin, Richard, H., Braconier and R. Forslid, 1999. Multinationals, endogenous growth and technological spillovers: theory and evidence, CEPR Discussion Paper, 2155. Blomstrom, M., S. Globerman and A. Kokko, 1999. The determinants of host country spillovers from FDI: review and synthesis of the literature, SSE/EFI Economics and Finance Working Paper, 239 Borensztein, E., J. De Gregorio, and J. W. Lee, 1998. â€Å"How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth?† Journal of International Economics, 45: 115–135. Bosworth, B. and S. Collins, 1999. Capital flows to developing economies: implications for saving and investment, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1: 143-169. Brooks, D.H., E.X. Fan and L.R. Sumulong, 2003. Foreign direct investment in developing Asia: Trends, effects, and likely issues for the forthcoming WTO negotiations. ERD working paper series No. 38. http://www.adb.org/Documents/ERD/Working_Papers/wp038.pdf {Accessed on 2nd January 2012} De Mello, L.R., 1999. FDI-led growth: evidence from time series and panel data, Oxford Economic Papers, 51: 133-151. De Mello, L.R. and K. Fukasaku, 2000. â€Å"Trade and FDI in Latin America and Southeast Asia: temporal causality analysis†, Journal of International Development, 7: 903-924. Djankov, S. and B. Hoekman, 1999. â€Å"Foreign investment and productivity growth in Czech enterprises†, World Bank Economic Review, 14: 49-64. Eden, L., 1998. Taxing multinationals: transfer pricing and corporate income taxation in North America. University of Toronto press. Fortanier, F., 2007. â€Å"Foreign direct investment and host country economic growth: does the investor’s country of origin play a role?† Transnational corporations, Vol. 16 (2). Available from http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/iteiit20072a2_en.pdf { Accessed 2nd January 2012} Gopinath, M., and W. Chen, 2003. â€Å"Foreign Direct Investment and Wages: a Cross-CountryAnalysis†, Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 12(3):285-309. Ikiara, M.M., 2003. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Technology Transfer, and Poverty Alleviation: Africa’s Hopes and Dilemma. African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) Special Paper Series No. 16. IMF, 1993. Balance of Payments Manual, Fifth Edition, Washington, DC, International Monetary Fund Kawai, H., 1994. â€Å"International comparative analysis of economic growth: trade liberalization and productivity†,In: The Developing Economies, 17(4): 373-397. McIntyre, J., R. Narula, and L. Trevino, 1996. â€Å"The role of export processing zones for host countries and multinationals: a mutually beneficial relationship?† The International Trade Journal, 10(4): 435-466. Mencinger, J., 2003. â€Å"Does foreign direct investment always enhance economic growth?† Kyklos, 56(4): 491-508. Nunnenkamp, P., 2002. â€Å"FDI and Economic Growth in developing Countries†. Journal of world Investment, Vol. 3, in print OECD, 1998. Open Markets Matter: The benefits of trade and investment liberalization, Paris: OECD. Pavlinek, P., 2004. â€Å"Regional development implications of foreign direct investment in Central Europe†. In: European Urban and Regional Studies. Vol. 11 (1). pp. 47-70. Safarian, A.E, 1999. â€Å"Host country policies towards inward foreign investment in the 1950s and 1990s†, Transnational Corporations?.8 (2). Sjoholm, F., 1997b. â€Å"Productivity growth in Indonesia: the role of regional characteristics and direct foreign investment†. In: Economic Development and Cultural Changes, 47: 559-584. Velde, D.W., 2001. Policies towards foreign direct investment in developing countries: emerging best-practices and outstanding issues. London: Overseas Development Institute Xu, B., 2000. â€Å"Multinational enterprises, technology diffusion, and host country productivity growth†, Journal of Development Economics, 62: 477-493. How to cite The Role of FDI of Economic Growth of The Host Economy, Essay examples

Implementing Responsive Web Design Enhanced -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Implementing Responsive Web Design Enhanced? Answer: Introduction There used to be a time when web designers and clients had to spend extra resources and bucks in the designing and development of separate websites to for different screens. Now, various gadgets with a variety of screen resolutions can run the same website. The Queensland University of Technology, in their official website https://www.qut.edu.au/, has adapted a responsive web design layout. The website is aimed at providing an interactive and informative interface to the students from the university or the aspirants who wish to seek admission in the university. The websites purpose and objectives are described in detail through this report. Certain features of the website shall also be highlighted. This report draws keen attention to the interactive and the design aspects of their responsive website. The website is critically evaluated with the help of the Responsive Web Design (RWD) principles and the Google Chrome Simulator to test various display simulations. The Queensland University of Technology website The QUT website is the official business website of this university from Queensland. The University is counted amongst one of the most famous universities in Australia. Through the website, they wish to reach out to millions all over the world and promote their institute. The website helps the viewers to learn everything about the website. The website provides detailed information about the various courses that are offered by the University. The Universities research plans are also mentioned in the website. The aspirants can browse through the research section of the website and gain knowledge about the universitys way of conducting research and studies. Further, the website highlights how the University offers customized corporate education to enhance their students industry experience before they move out into the corporate world. The website also preaches about the Universitys initiatives to provide government and private sector internship opportunities, alongside research and car eer consultancy. Lastly, the website tends to educate the viewers with the campus map. They provide details of the facilities that each of their campus offers, in addition to the extra-curricular events and programs held in the various public venues around the city. Being a university website, qut.edu.au provides all the necessary features required by the University students or other aspirants to know more about their education in the university. Special Features The website offers quite a handsome set of features that are useful for educational purposes. The website provides a useful navigation bar that assists the user to browse through different sections or pages of the website. A navigation bar within a webpage is always necessary. It is a form of user interface that consists of precious links to take the users to other sections of the website. This clearly means that, in whichever page is the user surfing currently, with the guidance of the navigation bar he can promptly access other pages as well. In addition to the navigation bar feature, the website also has a good search engine optimization. Whenever the search engines are hit with a search query about the Queensland University of Technology, the website and its other modules are shown in the results. This makes it easy for the users to search for specific information about the website. This feature also helps the University to reach out to the public, thus enhancing its publicity aspects. The website contains a well-featured list of contact details of the university, its various campuses and of the different sections of education that the University offers. The students, guardians and aspirants are offered with this feature to reach out to the university and query their claims, complaints, concerns or questions. The Search Staff and Contact feature helps the users to search for the contacts of particular staff member or of specific course departments. A live map with pointer locations to the various campuses is also attached with navigable abilities. The website allows viewers to login to the website and access the services as a registered user. For new visitors, the website has the feature to sign in as a member. The visitors are asked to link their Australian Access Federation account to the website account in order to sign in. Certain security measures are also adapted in this process, which the QUT website puts in. These security features are to be discussed in details in a later section of the report. The News section of the website is a phenomenal feature. The section is flashed regularly with news and updates from the research, technological and other educational fields, from all over QUT. In addition, the facility that it offers for International students to educate themselves about the ongoing and course details of the University is a special point out as well. The social media handle links are elegantly displayed beneath every page of the website. This is a very important feature offered by almost every modern day websites. This feature serves various important functions for the promotion and adds greatly to the usability aspects of the website. Lastly, the main feature of any website that attracts the majority of traffic is the design of it. The responsive design of the website is a key lookout. A responsive web design is the need of the hour for any website. This allows users to visit and browse the website from any device of their choice, without having to worry about the visibility layout issues due to change in screen resolution (Bryant and Jones 2012). All the above mentioned features shall be discussed in details with keen attention towards the pros and cons of each. This will help to identify all the positive and negative aspects of the website. Critical evaluation In this section, the website will be critically evaluated with regards to identifying all positive and negative aspects of its features. The website has quite a quality amount of features available for the visitors. All the features that have been mentioned above are extremely useful but in the same time, they need evaluation. The ability of these features must be tested to get a clear overview about the working of the same. Each feature that the website provides are to be thoroughly used and tested in different screen resolutions and evaluated accordingly. The positive aspects of the website Not all features are perfectly implemented in the website. However, there are plenty of great design implementations highlighted through the website. The website promises the best operational and servicing facilities through some of their features. The positive aspects of the website are listed and discussed below: Responsive relative layout: The website can remodel itself according to the screen size on which it is accessed from. After running the website on all the recommended screen resolutions through the Google Chrome Simulator, it can be stated that the website can easily adapt itself with the changing screen sizes. All the options, tabs, images and texts presented in the website align themselves perfectly on every available screen resolutions or devices. Unlike static units of a non-responsive webpage where contents maintain their sizes no matter the resolution changes and provide a poor interface, the relative layout is a smart and useful technique. One great aspect of resolution-based customization can be observed in the navigation bar adjustment. In medium sized mobile-based screens like 480x640 or even smaller 200x320, the navigation bar does not appear in the same way as it does in the broad-screen view. The navigation tabs coil up into one unit and is found in the navigation button. The functioning of the tabs, however remain the same. The Navigation Bar: The navigation bar that bosses the entire websites road map has been designed with utter supremacy. Each of the tabs presented in the navigation bar allow flexible hyper-linking to the other important pages on the website. The visitors can easily navigate back and forth a webpage through this. However, here it has been designed with an eye to do more than just simple webpage navigation. On hovering over each tab of the navigation bar, the user can view the respective contents of that particular page in a gist. On hovering away from the respective tab, the floating information page disappears. This helps the users to decide beforehand on whether to visit the tab or not, depending on its contents. These tabs are found inside the navigation buttons in smaller screens as mentioned above. Flow of contents: The contents of the website do not coincide with each other when the screen size is altered. Rather, they adjust their layout accordingly to maintain the original spacing and margin specifications. The figure below shows this aspect of the website with contrast to other static designs. The Search Feature: The search option works pretty fast and with utmost accuracy. It also provides the user with the opportunity to navigate between the fields that they wish to search in. This makes it simpler to search for the exact query, amongst multiple similar results. Use of graphics: The graphical images used in the website are of high quality. The images do not pixelate at any level of stretching. It must also be noted that the images used are very attractive and they help to convey the exact message of the respective web page. The Negative aspects of the website On close study of the website, several more aspects of the website could be framed out. Apart from the above mentioned pros of the website and its design, below, the negative aspects of the same shall be highlighted. They are as follows: The cover image layout: On reducing the screen size in the simulator to fit the size of a medium or small mobile device, the cover image layout does not fit in properly. The image crops out from one side. This portrays a negative aspect of the websites design. The image change buttons on the cover images: On opening the website on a smaller screen, these buttons disappear. This seems to be quite a mentionable flaw in the design of the website. The ability to swipe among these images also disappears in the mobile versions. In order to make the design responsive, the designer must have had to drop this feature. Reviews by two other persons While reviewing the site we found that there are some links on the pages that contains a long block of text that is intended to use meta tags. This meta tags helps the web sites to have a better rank in the search engine results so that the existing and the potential users find the sites easily without spending time and effort in searching the site. In addition to that, some of the internal links does not have any text indicating their destination where as it is important for the links to describe their destination. This helps in improving both SEO (search engine optimization) and the users interaction with the site. While testing and analyzing the site we found that, with a slow internet speed the website is rendered multiple times on the device screen. This happened due to the lack of use of the height and width tags for the images on the webpages. Recommendations for the improvements of the site In order to improve the quality of the user experience as well as its online presence. In our investigation, we found that, the there are some page in the website that are not optimized using the CSS for the Printing purpose. Therefore, it is suggested to the use the required CSS to make the pages optimized for printing. Again, the images on different pages of this site are not placed on the pages using the height and width HTML tags. Due to this reason, multiple images are stretched on the web pages of the site and the pages of the site took more time to load completely in the browser. Even though these tags (height and width tags) are optional but these tags help the browsers to arrange the page with a faster speed while keeping the defined image size on the pages of the site. In further investigation of the site, we found that the site does not use any sitemap. The sitemap is important for a site as well as for its visitors. Use of sitemaps provides multiple benefits for the website, the sitemaps not only make the navigation process easier and better but also it helps the site to improve the visibility in the search results of different search engines. It offers the prospect to notify the search engines immediately after any modifications on the pages of the web site. Relevance with the RWD principle The pages of the given site (qut.edu.au) maintained the consistent layout and style across the total site. In addition to that, the contents on the pages are placed at the appropriate locations as required to the site hierarchy. After completing any action on the different pages of the website, the visitor or the user gets appropriate responses against their actions. On the pages, there are sufficient information about their positions in between a process. For the users the pages of the site also provide simple error handling for the users who may have entered some invalid input in some input field and as well as in a search field on the web pages. In addition to that the pages of the visitors or the users of the site can easily reverse their action at any point of time they realize that they have committed some mistake in their previous actions (Mohorovi?i? 2013). On the pages of the site, there are sufficient visual indications or prompts for the visitors/user so that they can find out the functionality of a control item. Therefore, the users do not have to recall things in order to understand the ongoing process on the pages. Simulation software tools used for review For the review of the site, we have used the google developer tools. The advantage and the disadvantages of these tools are described below; Advantages Use of this simulation tool helps in the testing of the website in multiple screen sizes for a provided smartphone/tablet device, which leads to lessening the cost for the testing of the websites. In addition to that, one of the most important factors in case of mobile and tablet devices is the touch event, which cannot be done on the desktops whereas chrome device emulator can easily imitate and respond against single touch events. Disadvantages Even though the google chrome device emulator is helpful in testing the site in different view ports, but as the emulator cannot emulate the rendering engine of a physical device then it represents some erroneous results. The rendering engine of a site consist of codes that interprets the HTML, CSS and JS for a site and presents in front of the user of the site. Other tools to test responsiveness responsinator.com: This is an online tool that checks the responsiveness of a site using the pixel values and orientation of the device (Kim 2013). Screenfly: This is another testing site that tests a site with different pixel values and screen lengths. In addition to that, the tool detects the URL of the entered site if it has a mobile version and redirects as well as represents the site. Conclusion As a conclusion, it can be stated that even though the website provides the viewers with all necessary information and couple of interesting features, it lags behind in certain aspects of designing. The report also states that the use of graphics and layouts are fine enough to make it look attractive on any device. However, the reviews from the peers bring to light that the website has serious flaws in the implementation of responsive design concepts. The use of proper CSS and HTML code concepts is recommended along with site mapping. References Bryant, J. and Jones, M., 2012. Responsive web design. InPro HTML5 Performance(pp. 37-49). Apress, Berkeley, CA. Kim, B., 2013. Responsive web design, discoverability, and mobile challenge.Library technology reports,49(6), pp.29-39. Mohorovi?i?, S., 2013, May. Implementing responsive web design for enhanced web presence. InInformation Communication Technology Electronics Microelectronics (MIPRO), 2013 36th International Convention on(pp. 1206-1210). IEEE. QUT. (2018).Home. [online] Available at:

Systems Flowchart for FreezeTimess Purchase and Payment Process

Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Systems Flowchart for FreezeTimes’s Purchase and Payment Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As depicted in the above systems flowchart and from the case, FreezeTime’s purchase and payment procedure comprises of several stages. The first stage is order needs assessment. This stage is triggered when the employees within FreezeTime, Inc make Carly and Nancy aware of the need for certain suppliers and materials. This stage is very significant for Carly or Nancy because it highlights any supplies and materials needed in the business. Once the need to make an order for supplies and materials has been ascertained, the next stage is purchase order generation. The office manager or the company accountant feeds in the order details into the accounting system eventually generating a purchase order which is then faxed to the suppliers. The next stage in the systems fl owchart for FreezeTimes’s purchase and payment process is the receipt of the faxed purchase order by the supplier. At this stage, the supplier begins the processing of the purchase order placed. As depicted in the case, the company accountant occasionally makes calls to the supplier just to ensure that the purchase orders have been received on the other end of the supply chain. This is very critical for FreezeTime, Inc especially in the event that the orders that have been placed are special in nature. This stage usually culminates into the shipment and final receipt of the supplies at FreezeTime’s factory.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This stage is regarded as the order fulfillment stage because the new inventory is received at the company. The order fulfillment stage basically involves the verification of the new inventory. This is a very critical sta ge because it ascertains whether the goods that have been shipped conform to the purchase order that had earlier been sent to the suppliers. The rationale is that the supplier is expected to have delivered only the goods that had been specified in the purchase order in terms of their right quantities and qualities and at the agreed prices. If this objective has not been achieved, then FreezeTime, Inc can return the inventory back to the suppliers. Once the inventories have well been received, they are documented. This is another value adding stage within FreezeTimes’s purchase and payment process given that the records have to be well kept. It is important that FreezeTime, Inc keep an updated record of the goods that have received in terms of the right quantities, prices, quality and other important parameters. The case mentions clearly that this documentation is done by either Carly or Nancy themselves in comparison with the initial purchase. It is only then that the records are well documented in the computer system. The need for documentation cannot be overemphasized since it would further assist Carly or Nancy in monitoring and controlling the movement of stock. The final stage in the systems flowchart is the payment of bills. This is yet another critical and value adding procedure within FreezeTimes’s purchase and payment process. It is indicated in the case that bills are paid on the first and fifteenth days of the month. Bills are paid only after the orders have been received, verified and well documented. During this process, any outstanding invoices are examined along with any information that could be vital for purposes of check printing.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Systems Flowchart for FreezeTimes’s Purchase and Payment Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The printed checks are then mailed together with other necessary documents to the supplie rs marking the end of the purchase process. This implies that once the payment has been made, it is only then that Carly or Nancy can rest assured that the purchase and payment process has been accomplished. This would also imply that they do not owe any suppliers any money, and that their goods have been delivered appropriately. The value that the above systems flowchart describing FreezeTimes’s purchase and payment process would bring to Carly or Nancy would be enormous. First, it represents the various activities and how they follow one another from the time the need for an order is established to the time the order is finally delivered and paid for. This sequential flow of events would help Carly or Nancy to easily monitor how far a particular order has gone and make necessary adjustments until they finally receive the order. The above systems flowchart describing FreezeTimes’s purchase and payment process also represents how the various processes are related to on e another. This interrelationship between the various processes can help Carly or Nancy to make significant improvements within the purchase and payment process. By analyzing these relationships, Carly or Nancy can easily acquire information on the various elements within each process which they can then use to make sound decisions to improve the business. Carly or Nancy would be in a position to evaluate how each of the processes within the purchase and payment process is performing thereby being able to take corrective measures. The above systems flowchart for FreezeTimes’s purchase and payment process would also help not only Carly or Nancy but also every employee within the organization to better understand how the various processes are related. In this manner Carly or Nancy would be able to pinpoint those operations which are not beneficial within the business.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The systems flowchart would also go a long way in enhancing the communication and team spirit of the employees within the firm. This would be brought about because every employee would be aware of the various process flows within the businesses. As such, every employee would operate at the same level within the firm. By being aware of what happens at each stage of the purchase and payment process, which will have arisen from the enhanced communication, every employee of FreezeTime, Inc would feel part and parcel of the organizational and business processes. This would lead to increased employee motivation and consequently improved productivity of the organizational human resources. This assessment on Systems Flowchart for FreezeTimes’s Purchase and Payment Process was written and submitted by user Lola W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Notorious Irishman essays

The Notorious Irishman essays Oscar Wilde made his reputation off of mocking the Victorian Era. In fact, he lived his life the same way, blatantly ignoring the common rules of society. He loathed the pretentiousness of the wealthy that dominated nearly every aspect of life in England. This was particularly ironic considering his father was a surgeon for Queen Victoria. Even more ironic is the fact that the victims of WiIdes sharp wit and satirical comedy, the well-to-do socialites, were his biggest fans. In The Importance of Being Ernest, Wilde creates a trivial farce of the aristocracy through the actions and behaviors of both Algernon and Lady Bracknell, with the former as a metaphoric dignitary and the latter as an economic aristocrat. Algernon represents the hypocrisy of the era. It is he who establishes the term Bunburying as a means of displaying the contradiction. By creating this act, Wilde shows the duel life that is often lived by the upper crust. It allows for the bachelor to leave his normal life in pursuit of social engagements else where in the country, by relying on the illness of an imaginary brother. This misnomer, to which both Jack and Algernon admit to, shows that their entire friendship is established under false pretences. According to David Parker, Wilde s ...suggestion was that aristocratic young men need to abandon conventional morality and get back to basic impulse. (174). The Importance... makes the point that, in Victorian society, only through Bunburying does one have the freedom to come and go freely. Wildes views on aristocratic matrimony are partly personified through Algernons reaction of Jacks plans with Gwendolen. On one hand, he views Jacks claim of asking Gwedolen to marry him as business (Wilde 291) claiming Divorces are made in Heaven (292) yet falls in love immediately with Cecily. Similarly, she has already ...

Climatic Variability in the Old Testament Essay - 1

Climatic Variability in the Old Testament - Essay Example Moreover, people before accounted too much of climate changes more to the works of the gods rather than to scientific explanations. So what is climatic variability? Probably, the most efficient way for us to understand the topic is to look first of all to the definition of this episode. According to J. Murray Mitchell (482), climatic system is the combination of atmosphere, oceans, land surface, ice masses and the biosphere interacting with each other, causing the changes either physically or chemically. In the physical aspect of the change, rainfalls can cause landslides that could change hills to plains and could also bring much water to rivers and seas which could wash away land areas. On the contrary, mountains can be created through the meeting of tectonic plates, pushing each other and making a fold on each other’s surface (Grimm, Hahn, Hellenbrand, Kunkele, Laumanns & Leinburger 214). Chemically speaking, lands can become acidic through acid rains and other chemical changes brought about by the increase of carbon dioxide production. This then requires us, human beings to be interested to the study of such phenomenon because it does not just affect our environment but affects our lives directly as well. One of the greatest climatic variability that happened in the 1930’s is the so-called Dust Bowl in the United States that affected not only the farmers of affected areas but the people worldwide. This could have been the modern picture of the Joseph story mentioned earlier. Hopeful migrants settled in the states where there were vast plains which were very productive for the raising of wheat, making these states the primary sources of food during the First World War.

External influences on career decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

External influences on career decision - Essay Example A few years down the line, the child starts asking the same question, â€Å"When I grow up what will I be?† like the words of the famed song â€Å"Que Sera Sera.† Today a child sees a toy engine and wants to be an engine driver, tomorrow he sees the smart firemen on their shiny fire engines and he wants to be a firefighter, the next day he sees Superman on TV and wants to be him. Even when the child visits a doctor he immediately wants to be him. Every day he wants to be something new, something wonderful, something adventurous. Gradually, as he grows into a teenager, he wants to do something great like to become an astronaut flying into space, a scientist making the most important inventions, and so on. Then the time comes when he has to actually make the decision. What is he going to do? It is a very difficult question. Very few have an answer ready, though one has mulled over it a million times in the past. Let us consider these lucky ones or smart ones who have alre ady decided what they are going to do with their lives. Who are they? We can call them the lucky ones because they have recognized their innate ability, their talent. These are the ones who have been born with some extraordinary skill and have been able to identify this talent or skill either on their own or with the help of others. It could be a great voice, ear for music, a talent for dancing, sporting, mimicry, acting, painting, or sculpting. They are the geniuses. They know what they want to do with their life and that becomes their career choice, or more accurately their passion in life. This is more of an internal influence on career choice. There is no confusion. He simply aims to reach the pinnacle of excellence in that field. These are the extremely talented people who are lucky to have identified their talents. Hence, we can say that they fall into the category of the chosen few. The next category of people being those who are less talented but extremely interested in spec ific fields – these fields mostly include the arts like music, painting, etc., or any specific sporting activity. These people are passionate about their interests and don’t mind working really hard to groom themselves to acquire success in their field of interest. This again is an internal influence. So, an internal influence can be defined as â€Å"originating within the individual† and the main motivation here is individual satisfaction† (Duffy and Dik, 2009). External influences are those â€Å"which originate outside the individual† and the main motive is to satisfy this â€Å"external factor or criteria.† There are too many external influences on an individual’s career choice. It is not possible to list all of them. But in this research we will make an attempt to study the major ones. First of all the external influences are of two kinds – those that motivate and those that restrict. Motivating factors could be the people around you, your needs, and your inspirations. Constraints could be your belonging to a certain race or gender, living in a certain geographic location, the resources at your disposal (financial or otherwise). But, as we can see, though most of them are not within ones personal control, all these factors do play a major role in the choice of career. Family Most studies show that the family and the immediate social environment play a major role

Human Behavior and the Environment Final project Research Paper

Human Behavior and the Environment Final project - Research Paper Example Together with the children, Luis is fluent in English although their first language is Spanish. When working on the vineyard, Luis began to experience unusual fatigue, felt unsteady, had some numbness and blurred vision, attributing them to the hard work. One day after experiencing total numbness in his lower back and legs, he was taken to hospital and was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, leading to him being hospitalized for rehabilitation. It is apparent that the behavior of Luis Perez is greatly influenced by his relatives, especially his parents. Being the youngest son, Luis was brought up by Ramon and Carmen in a strict catholic setting, therefore influencing him to adopt a catholic based behavior and the moral values associated with Roman Catholics. This influence can be seen in the way Luis decides to get into an early marriage with Maria, when he was just 20 years old and she was 19. Before they got married, their courtship was closely monitored and chaperoned by a great aunt to Luis. Ramon and Carmen are determined to keep their traditions alive within their family, therefore influencing Luis to make his marriage as traditional as possible in terms of roles. When his father Ramon dies, Luis tries to make funeral plans but is deterred by his mother Carmen as she does not let him make decisions. This makes him experience high levels of stress, especially financial stress that makes him pressurize his son Rolando to delay gong to college so that he can help with the family business. The desire for his business to succeed influences him to direct his son to quit education plans despite the fact that they migrated to America to access better education. The pressures in his life also contribute to his behavior, as seen in the way he struggles to earn a living. He works long hours in the vineyard and then tries to market his

The Aral Sea Desertification

The Aral Sea Desertification Desertification is the process by which a habitable place of land becomes a desert due to climatic changes or ill human practices in the environment. The Aral Sea is a victim to such adversity due to malpractices and power hungry nature of humans. Thus becoming a saline lake from its previous form of being the 4th largest lake in the world. It used to be the leading site of fisheries, reed growing and other trading due to its ports. All these services have been vanquished due to the desertification which seeped into the sea and its atmosphere. Thereby becoming one of the worlds greatest disasters caused humans. People have always had a greed for power and gold. Such was an instance for the Soviet Government in the 1960s. The need to grow heat absorbing crops such as rice, cotton, grapes and other vegetables made two prime rivers The Amu Darya and The Syr Darya, feeding the Aral Sea to be diverted to irrigate the crops. Due to such malpractices the Aral Sea shrunk in size from being the worlds 4th largest sea to a dry barren sea basin. But even though they have caused an ecological disaster, actions are now being taken to replenish the sea of its thirst and recover it back to its natural beauty. The Aral Sea : The Aral Sea has a catchment size of 1,549,000 km2 . It was a sea that situated in Central Asia and lay between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, (a region of Uzbekistan) in the south. It used to have an area of 68,000 square kilometers and it was due to the two main rivers, in fact the 2 largest rivers in central Asia the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya to fill up the sea. Around 1960, about half of this water replenished the Sea the rest evaporated, transpired, or filtrated into the ground naturally as the rivers flowed through the deserts and some was taken for other human uses. Everything was going well keeping the environment intact until the former Soviet Union decided to divert the rivers to grow white gold- cotton, rice and other vegetables. This was a major plan for them to become a lead exporter in cotton. Which eventually happened as Uzbekistan is one of the lead exporters of cotton to this very day. But cotton and rice being extremely thirsty plants required immense amounts of water and instead of the 2 rivers irrigating the desert it was used to irrigate the 7.6 million hectares of thirsty crops. Due to the diversion of the water the water level started to decrease as the river discharge started to drop. Subsequently as the years passed by the rivers brought lesser water to the sea. The sea was retreating from its original shores, leaving behind dry land covered by the crust of salt. The irrigation project was enormous and no attention was given to downstream requirements. The irrigation techniques were not efficient with open waterways leading to waste. Very little care was given to the need for proper drainage. On average there was a decline in water level during the 1960s of 0.21 m/year, in the 1970s of 0.6 m/year, and in the 1980s of 0.8 m/year. Now it has lost 80 % of its volume and uncovered 3.6 mil hectares of seabed .The surface level has contracted by half, the level significantly reduced by 19 m and in some areas the seas edge is more than 100 km from its former shore. The Soviets were not surprised of the slow recline and eventual fading of the Aral Sea, as they had predicted this to happen. In 1964 , at the Hydroproject Institute Aleksandr Asarin stated that the lake was doomed, explaining It was part of the five-year plans, approved by the council of ministers and the Politburo. Nobody on a lower level would dare to say a word contradicting those plans, even if it was the fate of the Aral Sea. Plans were taken to refill the Aral Sea after a while but the estimated costs were staggering, the authorities rejected the project in 1966. Ecology ,environment and climate : The future of the Aral Sea looked very grim. The surrounding environment and the marine ecology of the started to depreciate. The local climate, hydrology and natural habitat were also affected greatly due to the declining sea- level. As the sea level reclined, few areas started to get exposed. The deltas in the sea was lush and abundant with flora and fauna that provided flowing food supplies for the livestock , and reeds for the industry , an abundant breeding ground for its fish industry and sites for hunting. When the deltas started to dry up, deserts started to form thereby the number of wildlife, fish and livestock started to drop. Only 38 of the 173 living species that once habited the deltas survived. Just 30 years ago the sea was a major contributor to the fishing industries; in 1957 Muynak and Aralsk were flourishing sea ports processing catches of 48,000 metric tons of fish. Now these fishing ports are situated many kilometers from the sea line and the fisheries are only open at very expensive costs with fish coming in from the Barents and the Caspian Seas. By the 1980s almost 20 of the 24 native sea fish species disappeared. The Soviet planners realized that if they were to expand the irrigation systems it would have contrary impacts on the sea, yet still nothing was done about it. They did not realize that it would have an effect on the surrounding natural climate. As the irrigation and the recline of the Aral Sea continued huge dust storms developed due to the sea drying up. As a result the agricultural productivity started to decline making it inhospitable for crops. As the sea dried up more places in the sea started to get exposed and at the upper layer of the seabed the concentration of the toxic salts at the seabed combined with the lack of water and its nutrients made it difficult to provide a stable plant cover. Due to this dust storms started to brew and this increased in frequency and magnitude, as a result it carried an estimated of 43 million metric tons of salt per year over the enormous areas. These dust storms contained sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, which are toxic to plants. As the salt levels in the regions started to rise in the water and soil contents it started having adverse effects on the agriculture in the region. Due to this excess of water was needed to meet the requirements of the plant but the problem was drainage was often poor together with the fact that it was more saline than the soil. This accumulates and raises the level of the groundwater table. As the water table rises into the root zone, the crops suffer from curtailed oxygen supplies. Thus the capillary action draws salts from the shallow groundwater tables upward toward the surface. As the water evaporates, high concentrations of salt are left on the surface, thereby ruining the agricultural potential of the land. Soviet research suggests that 60 percent of the irrigated soils in Uzbekistan, 80 percent in Turkmenistan, 35 percent in Tadzhikistan, 40 percent in Kirghizia, and between 60 and 70 percent in Kazakhstan suffered moderate to strong salinity problems in 1985. The climate of the area was also affected, summers have become hotter, winters have become cooler and growing seasons have significantly become shorter. Precipitation has also decreased thereby increasing daytime temperatures. Average May temperatures were 3.0-3.2 degree Celsius higher, average October temperatures are 0.7 to 1.5 degrees higher and the growing season has declined by 10 days. The Aral Sea, a large saltwater lake, is losing more than half of its surface area in 40 years. 3 Cows walk in the desert which used to be the seabed of the Aral Sea 4 Human Impacts : Not only was the climate and animal life affected but even humans were affected from this disaster. Drinking water supplies were contaminated by pesticides. Many other diseases were released due to the desertification. Over the last 15 years diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis B, kidney disease, gallstone ailments, chronic gastritis have increased; infant mortality rates have gone up and the frequency of esophagus cancer and tuberculosis have reach epidemic levels. One survey found 80 percent of the women suffering from anemia and 70 percent of the children ill. Due to the rise in morbidity and reduced mortality in the people, hospital rates went up and poverty increased. Because of the vast no. of health problems in the population hospitals were lacking in essential medicines and health care. On account of the rising diseases, many of them were found in the blood and breast milks, as toxins found in pesticides and other toxic gases from the dust storms seeped into foods and contaminated food supplies. As the waters are highly saline and contaminated, drinking water supplies have significantly decreased leading to liver and kidney diseases. The people have also been exposed to airborne toxins found in the dust storms causing respiratory diseases. Due to the desertification the fishing industry and other local occupations such as reed growing, farming and other occupations disappeared causing unemployment rates to sky rocket, leading people to poverty. They were unable to grow agriculture due to the high salinity of the water. Shipping ports closed and the Aral Sea became a ship graveyard. Aral Sea Restoration : Finally attention was given to the Aral Sea in the 1980s and 1990s but the government realized that it would not be possible to restore the Sea to its original size back in 1960. But if it was left to continue to degrade a major catastrophe would occur. Looking into the problems 5 countries volunteered to try and restore or at least alleviate the cataclysm. Those 5 countries are: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan; the countries that neighbor the Aral Sea. They created the ASBP (Aral Sea Basin Program) in 1994 which was established to be conducted in four steps: To stabilize the environment of the Aral Sea Basin, To rehabilitate the disaster area around the sea, To improve the management of the international waters of the Aral Sea Basin, To build the capacity of institutions at the regional and national level to advance the programs aims. More water would have to pump into the Aral Sea if it had to be revived. The five countries referred to Interbasin Transfers (IBT); but it has not been put into place. They projected to divert the Caspian Sea into the Aral Sea but they anticipated that the same catastrophe might occur in the Caspian. This was just a hypothesis to be carried out, so ASBP was put into place. The first phase was to directly improve the land around the basin without touching the water system. This began from 1992 until 1997. This was because they found it difficult to implement the phase. Phase two began in 1998 till 2003. They wanted to increase awareness of the area to the public but they had little concern of the propaganda thus causing this plan to fail as well. Phase three was implemented in 1997 as the government constructed a new plan to back up the previous ones. The main objective of this plan is to improve the irrigation systems that are still there but aiming at the water management at a local view. The North Aral Sea is the largest project of this phase. The main idea is to build a dam across the Berg Strait ( a channel which connects the North and South Aral Sea). The dam is eight miles long and can facilitate twenty nine cubic kilometers of water to be stashed away in the North Aral Sea and allowing the excess water to overflow into the South Aral Sea. Currently work is going on in the North Aral Sea to restore it. Irrigation in the Syr Darya have been improved and mended to increase the flow of water. In October 2003 the government began construction of a concrete dam, Dike Kokaral which separates the Aral Sea from the North and South. Construction finished in August 2005 and due to the dam water level in the North has increased also decreasing the salinity of the river. It is a minute growth but a valuable one over time. Few of the fish stocks were released into the river to bring back the past occupation and revive the fishing industry once again. This outstanding project caused small changes to the climate causing few rain clouds to brew up. The sea depth and sea surface has increased over the years. Seeing these achievements in the area the government has decided to construct a second dam to further the healing process of the Northern side. The South of the Aral Sea only receives overflowed water from the North of the Aral Sea but apart from that no other measures have been taken. But plans have been pulled up to create a channel to connect the North and South and continue the replenishing projects in the South as well but political constraints are limiting its progress because of the oil exploration in the South of the Aral Sea. Conclusion: The Aral Sea was the fourth-largest Sea in the world at one time but today it does not exist in any last apart from the top ten ecological disasters caused by humans. Even though measures are taken to restore the Aral Sea back to its original form predictions are being made that because only the North Aral Sea is being refilled it may divide up into the North Aral Sea and the South Aral Sea as two completely separate basins. All these decades of problems and catastrophes were just over the greed of making more money, yes maybe it might increase the revenue of a nation but it should not be at the cost of another whole biome. There is a sufficiency in the world for mans need but not for mans greed. -Mahatma Gandhi

My Writing Style Essay example -- Writing Profile

Whenever I get a writing assignment for class, it seems like a chore. I don’t have a problem with writing, but papers always seem to take more time than they should. Maybe this is due to poor planning on my part, but essays are usually an ordeal, and I dread actually doing the work to finish one. The task is simple enough, but putting it off always seems like a better alternative to writing. I do think about the paper that I have to write, but I do not put thoughts and ideas into a paper or outline until I absolutely need to do so. From the moment I am given an assignment sheet, I begin brainstorming about the paper. I may not use any of these ideas, but I think of them. I also have a tendency to forget good ideas, which leads me to think that I should write some of them down, but that would be too much work. Whatever ideas that I do remember will be used in some sort of informal outline I make before I start actual work on my paper. Unless it is required for a class, however, I usually just keep this outline in my head. I find it to be more flexible if I don’t have anything written or structured at this point, and rather just have several ideas floating in my head. As soon as there is an outline or introduction paragraph written, I feel more committed to my work. At this point, I’m hopefully comfortable enough with what I have to begin putting in work on my paper. The introduction is usually the most time-consuming part of the paper. There are so many different aspects of the paper that must go into the intro, and composing one is hard because of this. I need to set the tone for the rest of my paper, and write in a style that captivates my readers at the same time. I try to establish that my paper will be serious and academic... ...ught. My style is my style, and that’s really all I can say about it. In writing about the process, I don’t feel I have a better understanding of how I write, but I definitely have a better concept of what I actually do when I write. I’m not looking to improve my writing process, because it works for me. To my knowledge, there’s nothing wrong with how I write, and the papers I produce are, in my opinion, quality. I may be stubborn or arrogant, but unless someone tells me otherwise, I may be right as well. As a first-year student at State University, I’m aware that I won’t stop writing any time soon. From what I have seen, however, how I write won’t change too much; my style is my style, and it has been for a long time. A few stylistic changes may occur depending on the class for which an assignment is due, but I will always be me, and my writing will always be mine.